MACAU—Hordes of Chinese high rollers flooding into Macau have turned the city into an Asian casino boomtown, but they are also posing a challenge for China’s next generation of leaders.
Macau’s casino industry has mushroomed over the past decade after its government eased restrictions, drawing a flood of mainland Chinese visitors that have helped supercharge the economy, created tens of thousands of well-paying jobs and made vast fortunes for a few US gambling kingpins. But a looming leadership change in China is making some wonder whether blistering growth in the enclave will remain a sure bet.
China holds a once-a-decade Communist Party congress starting on Thursday that will usher in new leaders who might already be uneasy about Chinese citizens spiriting wealth outside the mainland to Macau in violation of capital controls, as well as the huge profits being made there by US casino companies.
They could try to make their mark by introducing policies aimed at curbing the rampant corruption that has become one of the biggest challenges to the Communist Party’s power. Such a crackdown would likely stem the flow of money and tourists to Macau, an hour by ferry west of Hong Kong. In the year through September, some 28 million people, most of them from mainland China, visited the city of just 500,000.
“The primary risk to the gaming sector, I believe, comes from the Chinese side, and it will come from the end of acquiescence to this vast capital control abuse and a crackdown on corruption,” said Steve Vickers, a former head of intelligence at Hong Kong’s police force who is now chief executive of business intelligence and risk consultancy SVA.
Billionaire Sheldon Adelson’s Las Vegas Sands Corp. and Wynn Resorts Ltd. thrived after expanding in Macau following the end of a four-decade monopoly in 2002. They now make the bulk of their profits from their casino-resorts in the former Portuguese colony. Some 90 percent of Sands’ profit comes from Asia, including half from its Macau properties.
China limits how much of its yuan currency can be taken outside its borders, including to Macau, a semiautonomous Chinese region with its own financial system and currency. Citizens can’t take more than US $50,000 out of the country a year. But Chinese gamblers have found many ways to get around those controls.
It’s part of the reason why Macau, the only place in China where casinos are legal, raked in $33.5 billion last year, more than five times the amount on the Las Vegas Strip.
“Everybody knows the bulk of Macau gamblers are high rollers, and they’re all from mainland China,” said Liu Bolong, a professor at the University of Macau specializing in China’s public policy. “The new leadership, I’m sure, will begin the process of anticorruption activities and this will affect Macau in a very substantial way because many of these high rollers, their money is coming from illegal practices.”
Reports of Chinese officials running up debts from gambling have angered many ordinary Chinese. In one case earlier this year, a vice president at state-owned Agricultural Bank of China was detained in an investigation that financial magazine Caixin said was related to allegations the bank lent money to a property developer to help the executive cover three billion yuan ($476 million) in gambling debts.
Vickers said new leaders in Beijing could decide to crack down on the various methods used to get money out of the country. The most prominent method is through junkets, which have been linked to organized crime. Junkets act as middlemen, helping mainland Chinese travel to Macau, lending them money in the form of chips and then collecting on debts once they return home.
In a report released in March, the US State Department said junkets are “increasingly popular among gamblers seeking inscrutability and alternatives to China’s currency movement restrictions.”
Another popular technique is using credit cards to buy expensive watches from the numerous boutiques found in many of Macau’s three dozen casinos and then immediately getting a refund in untraceable cash from the retailer, minus a small fee. Other methods include using companies to issue phony or inflated invoices to pay for cross-border transactions.
Vickers said that UnionPay, China’s payment processing system, has lowered the daily limit for transactions to one million yuan ($160,000) from five million yuan ($801,000)—a sign that officials are already trying to stem the flow of illicit money. Beijing could also clamp down by restricting travel permits needed by Chinese travelers.
In previous years when China’s economy was red-hot, Macau was a release valve to let excess capital flow out of the country. But now growth is cooling and public anger is growing over corruption.
“I do believe there will be a fundamental change. It makes no sense to facilitate what is going on further,” Vickers said.
The equation gets more complicated when US politics are thrown into the mix. It’s an unusual coincidence that the US presidential election and China’s party congress are being held just two days apart. While it may not have much of a direct impact on Macau, the US election adds an interesting twist.
That’s because Beijing’s unease about US tycoons getting rich in Macau may extend to worries over Adelson, who has pledged to donate up to $100 million to help elect Republican Mitt Romney. Romney, in turn, has taken a tough stance on China and has pledged to label the country a currency manipulator on his first day in office. Romney is also seen as more sympathetic than President Barack Obama is to Israel, whose leaders have toughened their talk on China’s ally, Iran.
Adelson’s most pressing dealings with the US government are over the Justice Department and Security and Exchange Commission investigations into his casino’s company’s Macau operations. Romney’s campaign has not commented on the probe, which could still be under way if he is elected. Adelson’s company has said it would cooperate with the investigation but it has also complained about “sensationalized” media reports and “baseless allegations.”
Analysts say whether Romney or Obama wins would probably have little direct impact on either Macau or Adelson.
Macau lawmaker Jose Coutinho holds out the faint hope that if Obama wins, he’ll pressure US casino companies operating in Macau to be fairer to workers by paying them extra for working shifts and overnight. It’s common practice elsewhere but not in Macau, where casino workers are “exploited” because of legal exemptions, said Coutinho.
No matter what happens, Coutinho and others believe gambling will remain the backbone of the city’s economy.
“Everything is related to gaming” in Macau, he said. “So to change that is very difficult because besides gaming we don’t have any other economic activities.”
